MODERN HISTORY QUIZ IN HINDI PART-1

• Rajaraja I was Parantaka II’s son who built a strong empire and gave it a first-rate administrative structure.  Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• The Chola empire peaked during the reign of Arumolivarman, who took the title Rajaraja I upon ascending to the throne. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• His Tanjore inscriptions detail his military conquests as well as the territories he conquered and incorporated into his dominion. Hence, statement 3 is correct. 
  • Rajaraja annihilated the Chera navy in Trivandrum and launched an attack on Quilon. The Pandyan monarch was then taken prisoner after he had taken Madurai. 

• The Chera or the Kerala country was situated to the west and north of the land of the Pandyas. It included the narrow strip of land between the sea and the mountains and covered a portion of modern Kerala state. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• It was an important and prosperous kingdom owing to its trade with the Romans.  Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• The Romans set up two regiments at Muziris (near modern Kochi) to protect their interests and also built a temple of Augustus.  
  • Muziris found mention in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, the bardic Tamil poems and a number of classical sources. It was the major ancient port city of Cheras.

• About  Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD):   
• Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), a zoonotic illness, is colloquially referred to as “monkey disease” due to its link with monkey fatalities. It is caused by the Kyasanur Forest disease Virus (KFDV), which primarily affects humans and monkeys. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• It was first identified in 1957 in a sick monkey from the Kyasanur Forest in Karnataka. Since then, between 400-500 human cases per year have been reported.Eventually, KFD emerged as a grave public health problem spreading through the entire Western Ghats. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. 
• A vaccine (Formalin inactivated KFDV vaccine) does exist for KFD and is used in endemic areas of India. 

• The Nasik and Naneghat inscriptions are the primary sources for learning about the Satavahana empire.   
• Gautami Balasari created the Nasik inscription in Cave 19, and Naganika (Nayanika), Satkarni I’s widow, issued the Nanaghat inscription.   
• Taxila copper plate or Moga inscription was discovered in Taxila, Gandhara, modern Pakistan. It contains information on Indo-Scythian rulers. 

• Dolmen: A dolmen is a megalithic structure formed by placing a large capstone on two or more support stones, forming a chamber below, sometimes closed in on three sides. Often used as a tomb or burial chamber. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• Cist: A Cist is a small stone-built coffin-like box or ossuary used to hold the bodies of the dead. Burials are megalithic forms very similar to dolmens in structure. These types of burials were completely underground. There were single and multiple-chambered cists. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• Stone Circles: Stone circles are commonly called "cromlechs" (a word in the Welsh language); the English word "cromlech" is sometimes used in that sense.

• Simuka was the founder of the Satavahana Dynasty. Simuka was followed by Krishna, under whom the kingdom was extended till Nasik. Sri Satakarni was the third ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty.  Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• Gautamiputra Satakarni (A.D. 106 – 130) is considered the greatest king of the Satavahana Dynasty. He defeated the Shakas and claimed that the Kshatriya ruler Nahapana was destroyed by him. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• The Satavahana empire under him extended from Malwa in the North to Karnataka in the South. His achievements are mentioned in the Nasik inscription by his mother, Gautami Balasri

CAR-T Cell Therapy:  

• CAR-T cell therapy, also known as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, is a type of immunotherapy that uses a patient's own immune system to fight cancer. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• CAR T-cell therapy has been approved for leukaemias (cancers arising from the cells that produce white blood cells) and lymphomas (arising from the lymphatic system).  Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• CAR-T therapy can cause serious side effects, including cytokine release syndrome (a widespread activation of the immune system and collateral damage to the body’s normal cells) and neurological symptoms (severe confusion, seizures, and speech impairment). 
• CAR-T therapy is a very expensive treatment.

• Indian Oil Market Outlook to 2030: 
• Recently, the International Energy Agency (IEA) released the Indian oil market outlook to 2030 report, which looks in-depth at how India’s role in the global oil market may evolve over the period through to 2030. 
  • The Report looks at energy transition trends that may affect the demand for oil in different sectors and how these changes could impact the country’s energy security. 

ater (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Bill, 2024: 

• Major Amended Provisions:  
  • Decriminalisation of Minor Offences: It focuses on decriminalising minor offences related to water pollution, alleviating fears of imprisonment for technical or procedural lapses. 
    • The rationale is to ensure penalties align with the severity of offences, promoting compliance without overly burdening stakeholders. 
    • Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
  • Exemption for Certain Industrial Plants: The amended bill empowers the central government to exempt specific categories of industrial plants from certain statutory restrictions, such as those outlined in Section 25 regarding the establishment of new outlets and discharges. 
    • This provision intends to streamline regulatory processes and reduce duplication of surveillance efforts, and alleviate unnecessary burdens on regulatory agencies, promoting efficiency. 
  • Enhanced Regulatory Oversight: It introduces measures to enhance regulatory oversight and standardisation across states.  
    • It grants the central government authority to prescribe guidelines for the nomination of chairpersons of State Pollution Control Boards and issue directives regarding the grant, refusal, or cancellation of industry-related consents. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
    • It provides certain mandatory qualifications, experience, and procedures to ensure fair appointment of chairpersons. 

The Gupta kingdom was enlarged enormously during the reign of Samudragupta (AD 335- 380). 

• Samudragupta was the opposite of Ashoka. Ashoka believed in the policy of peace and non- agression but Samudragupta delighted in violence and conquest. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• The court poet Harishena wrote the glowing account of Samudragupta’s military exploits in the Allahabad Pillar inscription. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. 
• According to a Chinese source, Meghavarman, the ruler of Srilanka sent a missionary to Samudragupta for permission to build a Buddhist temple at Gaya.

The term "Navaratna" refers to a group of nine exceptional scholars and advisors who were part of Chandragupta II's court. These nine individuals were renowned for their expertise in various fields, including literature, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and the arts. 

 A brief description of the nine Ratnas is as follows : 

• Amarsimha: Amarsimha was a Sanskrit lexicographer and a poet and his Amarkosha is a vocabulary of Sanskrit roots, homonyms, and synonyms. Hence, option 1 is correct. 
• Dhanvantri: He was a great Physician. 
• Harisena: He is known to have composed the Prayag Prasasti or Allahabad Pillar Inscription. 
• Kahapanaka :Kahapanka was an astrologer. 
• Sanku: Sanku was in the field of Architecture. 
• Varahamihira: Varahamihira lived in Ujjain and he wrote three important books: Panchasiddhantika, Brihat Samhita, and Brihat Jataka. Hence, option 2 is correct. 
• Kalidasa: A renowned Sanskrit poet and playwright, considered one of the greatest literary figures in ancient India. Hence, option 3 is correct. 
• Vararuchi: Vararuchi is the name of another gem of Chandragupta Vikramaditya who was a grammarian and Sanskrit scholar.  
• Vetalbhatta: Vetalbhatta was a magician.