UPPCS TEST SERIES BY UPSC4U SET-2

Tension recently arose near the buffer zone in the Thangjing Hill range of Churachandpur district in Manipur, which separates Kuki and Meitei inhabited areas. Thangjing Hill, also known as Thangching Hill or Thangting Hill, is a mountain peak in Manipur. It lies west of Moirang in Churachandpur district and forms part of the Thangjing range. The range runs north to south and marks the western boundary of the Imphal Valley. The hill is believed to be the sacred abode of Thangching, the ancestral deity of Moirang. The Meitei community considers it a holy site and traditionally visits it during the Manipur month of Sajibu, which falls in April.

Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost lunar lander successfully landed in the Mare Crisium region of the Moon after a controlled descent. It carries 10 NASA payloads under the Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program to boost private-sector lunar exploration. The mission aims to study the lunar environment, using a vacuum for soil collection and a drill measuring temperatures up to 3 meters deep. It will analyze heat flow, plume-surface interactions, and the Moon’s magnetic and electric fields to understand its geological history. The lander will function for 14 Earth days to conduct scientific studies and tech demonstrations.

• Indian Post Office Act, 1898 came into force on 1^st July 1898 with the objective to consolidate and amend the law relating to the Post Offices in India.
• It provides for the regulation of the postal services offered by the central government.
• It grants the Central government exclusive privilege over conveying letters and establishes a monopoly of the Central government over conveying letters.
• Hence, option B is correct.

A study suggests Mars’ red color may be due to the iron-containing mineral ferrihydrite. Ferrihydrite is a poorly crystalline nanomineral made of 20% (FeO₄) and 80% (FeO₆) polyhedra. It forms through rapid oxidation and hydrolysis and exists in a disordered structure. It is an initial corrosion product of iron, leading to goethite and hematite formation. Found in soils, weathered rocks, and around iron-rich springs, especially with iron-metabolizing bacteria. It traps water, protects organic molecules, and forms rapidly in cool water. Present in meteorites as a pre-terrestrial weathering product.

Kamla Persad-Bissessar has been elected as the next Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago after her party, United National Congress, won the parliamentary elections. This marks a strong comeback for the 73-year-old leader who earlier served as Prime Minister from 2010 to 2015. She remains the only woman ever to have led the Caribbean nation. Trinidad and Tobago is a twin-island country in the Caribbean with its capital at Port of Spain.

Erosional Landforms :

• Depending upon dimensions and shape, many types of valleys like V-shaped valley, gorge, canyon, etc. can be recognised.
• A gorge is a deep valley with very steep to straight sides and a canyon is characterised by steep step-like side slopes and may be as deep as a gorge. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• A gorge is almost equal in width at its top as well as its bottom. In contrast, a canyon is wider at its top than at its bottom.
• The Colorado River Canyon, often referred to as the Grand Canyon, is one of the most famous natural wonders in the world. It is located in Arizona, USA, and was carved by the Colorado River over millions of years. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
• The Gandikota Canyon is located on the Pennar River in the Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
  • It is often referred to as the "Grand Canyon of India" due to its breathtaking natural beauty

Munda Rebellion:

• The Munda Rebellion, also known as the Ulgulan (Great Tumult) Movement, was a tribal uprising led by Birsa Munda in the Chota Nagpur region. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• The Munda Rebellion, led by Birsa Munda, had a political character, aiming to assert tribal rights, reclaim land, and establish an independent Munda Raj against British rule and exploitation. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• It arose in response to the British land revenue policies that introduced the zamindari system, replacing the traditional Khuntkatti system of communal land ownership. Hence, statement 3 is  correct. 
• Birsa Munda began mobilizing the Munda tribals in 1894 against British exploitation and the oppressive role of Dikus (outsiders), and declared the formation of an independent Munda Raj in 1895. 
• The Chotanagpur Tenancy Act (1908) was enacted in response to the Munda uprising, recognizing Mundari Khuntkattidar rights and restricting tribal land transfer to non-tribals, while ensuring land record maintenance. 

The Social Reformers of India :  

• Gopalhari Deshmukh ‘Lokahitawadi’  : Gopalhari Deshmukh (1823–92) was a social reformer and rationalist from Maharashtra. He held the post of a judge under British raj, but wrote for a weekly Prabhakar under the pen name of Lokahitawadi on social reform issues.  
  • He wrote against the evils of the caste system. He said, “If religion does not sanction social reform, then change religion.” He started a weekly, Hitechhu, and also played a leading role in founding the periodicals, Gyan Prakash, Indu Prakash, and Lokahitawadi. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• Gopal Baba Walangkar :  Gopal Baba Walangkar, also known as Gopal Krishna, (circa 1840–1900) was a pioneer in the cause of uplifting the Dalits from the socio-economic oppression that they suffered. Indeed, Walangkar is generally considered by Ambedkar to be the pioneer of the Dalit movement 
  • Walangkar became the first Dalit to launch a newspaper, the Vital Vidhvasak (Destroyer of Brahmanical or Ceremonial Pollution). Walangkar strove to remove the mark of untouchability by trying to bring caste Hindus to a consciousness of their inhuman behaviour.Hence, statement 2 is not  correct. 
• Sri Narayana Guru : Sri Narayana Guru in Kerala led a lifelong struggle against upper-caste domination. He coined the slogan “one religion, one caste, one God for mankind”, which his disciple Sahadaran Ayyapan changed into “no religion, no caste, no God for mankind”.Hence, statement 3 is not  correct. 
•  E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker : During the 1920s in South India, the non-brahmins organised the Self-Respect Movement led by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker. There were numerous other movements demanding that the ban on the entry of lower castes into temples be lifted.  

• Fundamental Duties are applicable only to Indian citizens and do not extend to non-citizens. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
  • These duties were borrowed from the Soviet Constitution (USSR) and added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976. 
• Similar to the Directive Principles, Fundamental Duties are also non-justiciable. Hence, statement 2 is  correct. 
  • The Constitution does not allow for their direct enforcement by the courts, and there is no legal penalty for their violation. 
• They are enforceable by law, meaning Parliament can impose penalties or punishment for failing to fulfill any of them. 

The Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA) recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Kotak Mahindra Bank and launched the ‘Niveshak Shivir’ initiative to boost digital investor awareness and financial literacy in India. The IEPFA was set up in 2016 under the Companies Act, 2013 to manage the Investor Education and Protection Fund (IEPF) and safeguard investor interests. It works under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. ‘Niveshak Shivir’ is a joint effort by IEPFA and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to simplify the process of reclaiming unclaimed dividends and shares. These camps will begin in May 2025 in Mumbai and Ahmedabad, targeting areas with high numbers of unclaimed dividend holders. One-stop kiosks will help investors update Know Your Customer (KYC) details, verify claims, and receive instant help for grievances. The aim is to reduce reliance on intermediaries and prevent fraud and misinformation.

• The Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North Eastern Region (PM-DevINE) scheme aims to fund infrastructure in line with PM GatiShakti, support social development based on the needs of the Northeastern states, enable livelihood activities for youth and women, and address development gaps across sectors. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• The PM-DevINE scheme, to be implemented during the remaining four years of the 15th Finance Commission from 2022-23 to 2025-26 have an outlay of Rs.6,600 crore.  
  • It was announced as a new Central Sector scheme, with 100% Central funding, in the Union Budget 2022-23 with an initial list of seven projects and an initial allocation of Rs. 1500 crore.

The European Space Agency (ESA) shut down the Gaia space observatory on March 27, 2025. It was launched in 2013 by European Space Agency (ESA). Gaia aimed to create the most precise 3D map of the Milky Way. Originally named Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics (GAIA), later simplified to Gaia. It is positioned at Lagrange Point 2 (L2), 1.5 million km from Earth, for an unobstructed view.

Joint Sitting of Two Houses:

• A joint sitting is an exceptional mechanism established by the Constitution to resolve a deadlock between the two Houses regarding the passage of a bill. 
• This provision applies only to ordinary bills and financial bills, excluding money bills and Constitutional amendment bills. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• If the disputed bill has lapsed due to the dissolution of the Lok Sabha, a joint sitting cannot be convened.  
  • However, if the Lok Sabha is dissolved after the President has announced the decision to summon a joint sitting, the sitting can still take place, as the bill does not lapse in this case. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• The Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over a joint sitting of both Houses. If the Speaker is absent, the Deputy Speaker takes over.  
  • In the event that the Deputy Speaker is also unavailable, the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha presides.  
  • If none of them are present, the members at the joint sitting elect another person to preside. Notably, the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha does not preside over a joint sitting, as he is not a member of either House of Parliament. Hence, statement 3 is not correct. 
• For a joint sitting to be valid, at least one-tenth of the total members of both Houses must be present. The proceedings of the joint sitting are conducted according to the Rules of Procedure of the Lok Sabha, not the Rajya Sabha. 

The government posthumously honored Chaman Arora with the Sahitya Akademi Award 2024 in the Dogri language category. He received the award for his book Ik Hor Ashwthama. The Ministry of Culture confirmed the selection based on a unanimous jury recommendation. Sahitya Akademi President Madhav Kaushik approved the decision. The award includes a casket with an engraved copper plaque and a cash prize of Rs 1 lakh. Arora’s family will receive the award at a special event on March 8 in New Delhi.

The Dongria Kondh tribe of Odisha was recently highlighted for showcasing their vibrant identity and cultural resilience during a festival near the Niyamgiri Hills. They are an indigenous community classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG). The Dongria Kondh are known for their environmental stewardship and strong resistance against bauxite mining in the Niyamgiri hills. They live in scattered hamlets within the Niyamgiri hill range, located across Rayagada and Kalahandi districts in southwestern Odisha. These hills are ecologically rich and hold spiritual significance, being the home of their revered deity, Niyam Raja.

Indian Chess Grandmaster Koneru Humpy won the Pune FIDE Women’s Grand Prix by scoring 7 out of 9 points. She defeated Bulgarian International Master Nurgyul Salimova in the final round using the White pieces. Chinese Grandmaster Zhu Jiner also scored 7 out of 9 points by defeating Russian International Master Polina Shuvalova with the Black pieces. Due to tiebreak rules, Zhu was placed second while both players shared the Grand Prix points and prize money. Humpy’s win boosts her chances of qualifying for the next Women’s Candidates Chess tournament. Indian International Master Divya Deshmukh drew with Polish player Alina Kashlinskaya and ranked third with 5.5 points.

• WASP-121b (Tylos) is an exoplanet located 900 light-years away, classified as an ultra-hot Jupiter due to its close orbit around the F-type star WASP-121.  
• Discovered in 2016, it is 1.87 times the size of Jupiter with 1.18 times its mass and completes an orbit in just 30 Earth hours.  
• Astronomers have mapped its 3D atmosphere, revealing extreme climate contrasts due to tidal locking, powerful jet streams, and winds shaping distinct atmospheric flows.  
• Its atmosphere consists of iron, sodium, hydrogen, and titanium, with three distinct layers influencing its unique weather patterns. 

• The Coriolis effect, due to Earth's rotation, influences the movement of this water. In the northern hemisphere, it pushes the water to the right, and in the southern hemisphere, it pushes it to the left. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• Gravity pulls water down, causing variations in water levels across the ocean.  
• This combination of gravity and Coriolis forces leads to the formation of large, rotating water masses.  
• These rotating systems of water, along with the currents that flow around them, are called gyres. 
• Gyres create large circular currents that can be found in all the major ocean basins, influencing global climate and marine ecosystems. 

The Cape Vulture has returned to South Africa’s Eastern Cape after three decades. It is an Old World vulture species in the Accipitridae family and is endemic to southern Africa. It is mainly found in South Africa, Lesotho, Botswana, and parts of northern Namibia. There are 23 vulture species globally—16 Old World vultures in Africa, Europe, and Asia, and 7 New World vultures in the Americas. Vultures prevent disease spread by disposing of carcasses efficiently. Their decline increases disease risks from scavengers like feral dogs and rats. The Cape Vulture (Gyps coprotheres) is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Santorini, a Greek island in the Southern Aegean Sea, is on high alert after experiencing over 200 undersea earthquakes in four days, with magnitudes up to 4.6. It’s part of the Cyclades archipelago and is controlled by Greece. Known for the Santorini Caldera, one of the most active volcanic centers in the South Aegean Volcanic Arc. The island has historical volcanic activity, including the Minoan eruption around 3,600 years ago. Frequent seismic activity is due to tectonic movements between the African Plate and Aegean Sea Plate.

The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) has officially signed an agreement with the Government of India to set up its headquarters and secretariat in India. IBCA was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in April 2023 during the 50th anniversary of Project Tiger. It was formally approved by the Union Cabinet in February 2024. IBCA is implemented by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). The alliance aims to protect seven major big cat species: Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Puma, Jaguar, and Cheetah.

On May 2, 2025, Australian boatbuilder Incat launched the world’s largest electric-powered ship, named Hull 096. The ship is a 130-metre-long aluminium catamaran designed for South American ferry operator Buquebus. It can carry 2,100 passengers and up to 225 vehicles across the River Plate between Buenos Aires and Uruguay. Hull 096 is powered by over 250 tonnes of batteries with an Energy Storage System (ESS) providing more than 40 megawatt hours of capacity. It was initially planned to run on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) but was later converted to battery power. The launch highlights a major step towards reducing maritime carbon emissions, which account for about three percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. This comes after the International Maritime Organization (IMO) voted for a global carbon pricing system, with cleaner fuels required by 2028.

Digital transactions are growing fast, increasing cyber threats and making payment security crucial. QNA is launching the Payment Security Summit & Awards – India in Mumbai on 4th March 2025. The event aims to unite leaders from various sectors to shape secure digital commerce. QNA is a decade-old events organization known for its expertise in hosting business events.

A new project called SeaCURE has begun on the south coast of England to remove carbon dioxide from the sea. The SeaCURE project is an initiative of the United Kingdom (UK) government. The SeaCURE project is testing if taking carbon directly from seawater can be a low-cost and large-scale way to cut down carbon dioxide in the air. This method is different from usual carbon capture techniques that focus on emissions at their source or pull carbon dioxide from the air. SeaCURE targets the ocean, where carbon levels are up to 150 times higher than in the atmosphere.

Abolition of Untouchability:

•  Article 17 abolishes 'untouchability' and prohibits its practice in any form( but does not provide any penalty). Any action that enforces a disability due to untouchability is considered an offence and is punishable by law. Hence, statement  1 is not correct. 
  • In 1976, the Untouchability (Offences) Act of 1955 was extensively amended and renamed the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, to broaden its scope and introduce more stringent penal provisions.  
  • The Act defines "civil rights" as the rights granted to individuals due to the abolition of untouchability under Article 17 of the Constitution.  
• However, the term ‘untouchability’ is not explicitly defined in either the Constitution or the Act. 

Russian President Vladimir Putin launched Perm, a Project 885M Yasen-class nuclear-powered submarine, from Murmansk. Perm is a fourth-generation nuclear-powered attack submarine of the Yasen-M class (Project 885M). Named after the city of Perm in the Urals, it is the sixth vessel in the Yasen/Yasen-M series. It is the first Russian nuclear submarine officially equipped with the 3M22 Zircon hypersonic cruise missile as a standard feature. Perm is expected to enter service with the Russian Navy in 2026.

Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) became India’s first urban body to include a separate climate chapter in its 2025-26 budget. The “sustainable and climate budget” allocates ₹5,619.58 crore (over a third) of AMC’s ₹15,502 crore budget for climate action. The fund will support a net-zero, climate-resilient city action plan aligned with India’s net-zero target of 2070. Other metro cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Coimbatore have been slow to institutionalize climate action in their budgets, though Mumbai has allocated 33% for climate projects in 2024-25.

Representation in the Lok Sabha:

• The state with the most number of seats reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST) in the Lok Sabha is Madhya Pradesh, with 6 seats reserved for STs. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• The state with the most number of seats reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) in the Lok Sabha is Uttar Pradesh, with 17 seats reserved for SCs. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• The 17th Lok Sabha had the highest number of female MPs at 78, accounting for 14.3% of the house. 

• World AIDS Day is observed on 1^st December every year.
• It serves as a platform to raise awareness about HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)/AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), reflect on the progress made, and highlight ongoing efforts to eliminate the disease.

Constitution Amendment Bill:

• A bill can be introduced either by a minister or a private member, and it does not require the prior approval of the president. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• The bill must be passed separately by each House. If there is a disagreement between the two Houses, there is no provision for a joint sitting to discuss and pass the bill. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. 
• Constitutional amendments can only be initiated by introducing a bill in either House of Parliament, not in the state legislatures.  

•  An ex-post-facto law is one that imposes penalties retrospectively, meaning it applies to acts already committed or increases penalties for such acts.  
  • The first provision of Article 20 prohibits the enactment of such laws, but this restriction applies only to criminal laws, not to civil or tax laws, which can be imposed retrospectively. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• Article 21A mandates that the State shall ensure free and compulsory education for all children aged six to fourteen years, in a manner determined by the State. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. 
  • Article 45A of the Indian Constitution was added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment in 2002, which directs the State to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years.  
• Article 22 provides protection to individuals who are arrested or detained under a preventive detention law.  
  • This protection extends to both citizens and foreigners, addressing cases involving preventive detention (not detention under an ordinary law).

Right to Freedom of Religion:

•  Article 25(2) of the Constitution of India states that nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from enacting laws that: 
  • (a) Regulate or restrict any economic, financial, political, or other secular activities associated with religious practices; Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
  • (b) Provide for social welfare, reform, or the opening of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all sections and classes of Hindus. 
• Article 27 specifies that no individual shall be forced to pay taxes for the promotion or upkeep of any particular religion or religious denomination. 
  • This implies that taxes can be used for the promotion or maintenance of all religions, as the provision forbids only the imposition of a tax, not a fee (Sri Jagannath v. State of Orissa 1954). Hence, statement 2 is not correct. 
• Article 28 categorizes educational institutions as- those wholly maintained by the State, those administered by the State but established under an endowment or trust, recognized institutions. Religious instruction is prohibited in the first category but permitted in the second. 

Recently, the SMILE scheme (Support for Marginalised Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise) has shown progress in identifying and rehabilitating beggars in urban areas but still faces challenges like underreporting and limited scale. It was launched in 2022 by the Union Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. It focuses on addressing beggary mainly in religious, tourist, and historical cities. The scheme also includes a sub-scheme for the empowerment of transgender persons. By December 2024, it identified 9,958 individuals involved in begging across 81 cities and successfully rehabilitated 970 individuals, including 352 children.

• A seamount is a mountain with pointed summits that rises from the seafloor but does not reach the ocean's surface. Seamounts are typically of volcanic origin and can range from 3,000 to 4,500 meters in height. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• A guyot is a flat-topped seamount that shows evidence of gradual subsidence over time. This process causes the seamount to become a flat-topped submerged mountain. It is estimated that more than 10,000 seamounts and guyots exist in the Pacific Ocean alone. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. 
• An atoll is a type of low island found in tropical oceans. It consists of coral reefs that surround a central depression, which may be part of the sea, forming a lagoon. In some cases, the central depression can enclose a body of water that is fresh, brackish, or highly saline. 

• It is urea in the form of a nanoparticle. It is a nutrient (liquid) to provide nitrogen to plants as an alternative to conventional urea. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• This fertilizer is a foliar spray, meaning it should only be used once leaves have started to grow on the crops. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• It has been indigenously developed at IFFCO- Nano Biotechnology Research Centre, Kalol, Gujrat in line with Atmanirbhar Bharat and Atmanirbhar Krishi. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.

• The fronts occur in middle latitudes and are characterised by steep gradients in temperature and pressure. They bring abrupt changes in temperature and cause the air to rise to form clouds and cause precipitation. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• An air mass fully lifted above the land surface is called the occluded front. 
  • An occluded front occurs when a cold front overtakes a warm front, lifting the warm air above the surface. This causes cloud formation and precipitation as the warm air is forced upwards and cools.

• Black Plastic is often made from recycled electronic waste and its black color comes from a substance called Black Carbon(short-lived pollutant, significant contributor to warming). Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• Black Plastic contains toxic chemicals like phthalates, flame retardants, and heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, nickel, chromium, and mercury. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• Black Plastic is technically recyclable, but waste sorting systems struggle to detect black pigments, making its recycling process challenging. 

CM Mohan Yadav inaugurated the 42nd National Senior Rowing Championship in Bhopal’s Upper Lake. More than 500 competitors from across India are participating in the event, which runs until March 7, 2025. 14 events are featured, including Para Single Scull categories for men and women. Sports complexes will be developed in every assembly constituency to boost sports infrastructure.

• Ancient Tea Horse Road is often referred to as the Southern Silk Road, is a network of caravan paths and a crucial trade route that connected China, Tibet, and India for centuries. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• It traces its origins to the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE), when trade between Southwest China, Tibet, and India first flourished. The trade eventually centered around tea and horses, leading to the route being named the "Tea Horse Road." 
• Tea from various regions of China was transported to Tibet, then carried through the Himalayan passes to Kolkata, where it was traded extensively across Europe and Asia. 

Policy of Ring-Fence

• The policy of ring-fence was formulated and implemented by Warren Hastings during his tenure (1774–1785) as Governor-General of Bengal. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• It aimed to create buffer states to protect British territories, especially Bengal. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• Objective was to protect British-controlled territories (especially Bengal) by defending neighbouring states from external threats such as the Marathas and Afghans. 
• It was a defensive and temporary arrangement, wherein the Company did not interfere directly in the internal administration of the allied states. 
•  British forces were provided to safeguard allied states (like Awadh) in return for the cost of military expenses to be paid by those states. 
• The allied state was required to maintain a subsidiary force, but this force was commanded and organized by the British.

• Exfoliation occurs due to the flaking off of more or less curved sheets of shells from over rocks or bedrock resulting in smooth and rounded surfaces.
  • Exfoliation is a result but not a process.
• Exfoliation can occur due to expansion and contraction induced by temperature changes. Exfoliation domes and tors result from unloading and thermal expansion respectively.
• Exfoliation domes are best developed in granitic rock. Yosemite National Park, California (United States) has exceptional examples of exfoliation domes

• National e-Governance Division (NeGD) was established in 2009 by the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY) as an Independent Business Division under the Digital India Corporation.
• It supports MeitY in managing and implementing e-Governance projects across the country.
• It provides technical and advisory assistance to Central and State Ministries, Departments, and other government organizations.

The Battle of Buxar:

• Mir Kasim’s Assertion of Autonomy: Mir Kasim, though appointed by the British as a puppet Nawab, sought to assert his authority by resisting British interference and revenue malpractice, particularly over misuse of dastaks (trade permits). 
• Formation of the Anti-British Confederacy: Mir Kasim, after defeat in initial battles, allied with Shuja-ud-Daulah (Nawab of Awadh) and Shah Alam II (Mughal Emperor), forming a triple alliance to resist the Company’s growing power in eastern India. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• Significance of the Battle of Buxar (1764): The defeat of the combined forces of Bengal, Awadh, and the Mughal Emperor by the English forces under Major Hector Munro marked a decisive moment, as it was the first time the Mughal Emperor himself was defeated by the British. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. 
• Impact on British Power in India: The victory at Buxar elevated the English from a regional power to a dominant force in northern India, paving the way for eventual political supremacy over the entire subcontinent. 
• Post-Battle Arrangements: Mir Jafar, reinstated as Nawab, ceded Midnapore, Burdwan, and Chittagong for army maintenance, and permitted duty-free trade (except 2% on salt), making the Company virtually the administrative authority in Bengal. Hence, statement 3 is not correct. 

• Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)  was launched on 2nd October 2014 by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• One of the major achievements of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is that urban India has been declared Open Defecation Free (ODF), with all 4,715 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) achieving ODF status. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• To be considered Open Defecation Free (ODF), an area must meet the following criteria: Ensure that no one defecates or urinates in the open at any time of day or night and ensure that all public and community toilets are well-maintained and functional. 

Justice Party (South India, 1916):

• The Justice Party was founded in 1916 by T.M. Nair, C. Natesa Mudaliar, and P. Theagaraya Chetty. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• It was predominantly active in the Madras Presidency, representing the interests of non-Brahmin communities. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• To oppose Brahmin dominance in government jobs, education, and politics, the South Indian Liberation Federation (SILF)—also known as the Justice Party—was formed in 1916. 
• Their efforts led to the 1930 Government Order, which introduced reservations for non-Brahmin and backward communities in public services and education. 
• It opposed the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22), considering it a Brahmin-led nationalist agitation that ignored lower-caste concerns. 

The Israel-Hamas conflict has escalated, leading to a fragile ceasefire brokered by the US, Egypt, and Qatar. A key issue is Israel’s withdrawal from the Philadelphi Corridor, a strategic area along Gaza’s border with Egypt. The corridor is a 14 km long, 100-meter-wide strip, including the Rafah crossing and Kerem Shalom crossing. It was designated a demilitarized zone under the 1979 Camp David treaty. After Israel withdrew from Gaza in 2005, Egypt and the Palestinian Authority took control, but Hamas seized it in 2007.

The 2024 report titled “Plant Breeding Programmes in Indian Zoos: Assessment and Strategic Actions” by the Central Zoo Authority highlighted a gap in conservation breeding for the endangered Himalayan Musk Deer in Indian zoos. The Himalayan Musk Deer (Moschus leucogaster) is native to the Himalayas and can be found in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, and China. It inhabits alpine forests and scrublands. Known for being solitary, nocturnal, and territorial, the males have curved canines and a musk gland, making them vulnerable to poaching. The species is listed as Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List and is under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Russia warned Germany that if Ukraine uses Taurus missiles, it will be seen as direct involvement in the ongoing war. The Taurus KEPD-350 is a long-range cruise missile launched from aircraft. It is capable of hitting fortified and high-value targets with high precision. The missile was jointly developed by MBDA (Matra BAE Dynamics Alenia) and Saab Bofors Dynamics from Germany and Sweden. It is specially designed for deep strikes on bunkers, bridges, and command centres. This warning reflects growing tensions over Western military support to Ukraine in the conflict.

Indore has become India’s first beggar-free city as of May 2025, marking a major success in social welfare. The campaign was launched in February 2024 under the Union Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment as a pilot project in 10 cities. Around 5,000 beggars, including 500 children, were identified on city streets before the campaign began. Beggars were rehabilitated by offering jobs, and children were enrolled in schools for education. Awareness campaigns were run in the first phase, followed by rehabilitation efforts. Giving money to beggars or buying from them is now banned, with three First Information Reports (FIRs) filed. Citizens are rewarded ₹1,000 for reporting instances of begging, which has boosted public participation. The initiative has been recognised by the Union Ministry and a World Bank team as a national model.

amaica  

• Jamaica is an island country of the West Indies and third largest island in the Caribbean Sea, after Cuba and Hispaniola.  
• It is situated west of Haiti, south of Cuba, northeast of the nearest point on the mainland, Cape Gracias a Dios, on the Caribbean coast of Central America.  
  • The national capital is Kingston. 
• Jamaica gained independence from the UK in 1962 and remains a Commonwealth member. 

Typbar TCV:

• Typbar TCV is the world's first clinically proven conjugate Typhoid vaccine. Hence, statement-I is correct.
• Recently, phase-3 trial conducted in Malawi, Africa, a region endemic for typhoid fever, has demonstrated the long-term efficacy of Bharat Biotech’s Typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Typbar. The efficacy of the vaccine was seen in children of all age groups studied. Hence, statement-II is incorrect.

Hence, option C is correct because Statement-I is correct and Statement-II is incorrect.

Black kites were recently found nesting in a tower structure in Chennai. They are medium-sized birds of prey from the Accipitridae family. Unlike other raptors, they are opportunistic hunters, often gliding in thermals to search for food. They have brown plumage, dark wingtips, bead-like dark brown eyes, and a hooked black beak. Their habitat ranges from wetlands and coasts to grasslands and woodlands. They are mainly found in tropical regions of Australasia, Eurasia, and Africa. They are monogamous and form lifelong pair bonds.

The 2025 World Bank Land Conference took place at the World Bank Headquarters in Washington, D.C. The theme for this year’s conference is “Securing Land Tenure and Access for Climate Action.” It aims to highlight how secure land rights can support environmental goals and climate resilience. The conference encourages policy-focused research and cross-sectoral exchange of ideas and practices. India’s Survey of Villages and Mapping with Improvised Technology in Village Areas (SVAMITVA) Scheme is gaining global praise for using drone technology to map rural land and provide ownership rights. The Gram Manchitra platform is also being recognised for helping villages plan development activities using spatial data.

Direct Seeding of Rice (DSR): 

• Under Direct Seeding of Rice (DSR), seeds are sown directly into the field, as opposed to the traditional method of growing seedlings in a nursery, then transplanting into flooded fields. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• DSR delivers faster planting and maturing and conserves scarce resources like water and labor. It saves irrigation water by 12-35% under efficient water management practices. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• It is widely practiced in the United States and South America but productivity challenges have limited its wide-scale adoption in Asia. 

Parliamentary Privileges:

• Collective Privileges: 
  • Right to publish or prohibit publication of reports and proceedings (except secret sittings). 
  • Right to immediate info on arrest, detention, or release of a member. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
  • Can conduct inquiries and summon witnesses/papers. 
  • Courts cannot inquire into proceedings. 
  • No arrest or legal process within precincts without permission. 
  • Can exclude strangers and hold secret sittings. 
  • Can make rules for its procedure and conduct. 
  • Can punish for breach of privileges or contempt (including suspension/expulsion of members). 
• Individual Privileges: 
  • Immunity from arrest during sessions and 40 days before/after (in civil cases).  Hence, statement 2 is not correct. 
  • Freedom of speech in Parliament, without court liability.Exempt from jury service and can refuse to appear as a witness during sessions. 

Ghiyasuddin Balban : 1266-87 

• Balban ascended the throne in 1266. 
• He broke the power of Chalisa and restored the prestige of the crown. That 
• was his greatest contribution towards the stability of the Sultanate. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• To keep himself well-informed Balban appointed spies. 
• He created a strong centralised army to deal with internal disturbances and to 
• cheek Mongols who were posing a serious danger to the Delhi Sultanate. 
• He established the military department Diwan-i-Arz. 
  • Diwan-i-Mustakhraj set up by Alauddin Khalaji to enquire into and realize arrears of revenue payments from the different parts of the empire.Hence, statement 2 is not correct. 
• The Persian court model influenced Balban’s conception of Kingship.  
• He took up the title of Zil-i-Ilahi (Shadow of God). 
• He introduced Sijda (prostration before monarch) and Paibos (kissing the feet of monarch) as the normal forms of salutation. Hence, statement 3 is correct. 
• He destroyed the Mewati Rajputa brigandage in the doab, forests were 
• cut and forts built. 

Recently, herpetologist Fred Kraus discovered a new species of snake, Dendrelaphis anthracina, also known as the coal black tree snake, in the rainforests of Papua New Guinea. This 4-foot, 8-inch snake was found on Sudest Island, highlighting the area’s biodiversity. Kraus’s research also identified three other new snake species. These include Dendrelaphis atra on Misima Island, Dendrelaphis melanarkys on Rossel Island, and Dendrelaphis roseni on Woodlark Island. The coal black tree snake was observed during a dramatic encounter with a goshawk, demonstrating its defensive behavior. The atra tree snake is adaptable, living in human-altered environments.

• Tropical cyclones indeed form over warm tropical oceans where the sea surface temperature is higher than 27°C. The energy from these warm waters is crucial for the cyclone’s formation and intensification. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• This warm temperature causes the water to evaporate, which fuels the cyclone by releasing latent heat when the moisture condenses. The energy that intensifies a tropical cyclone indeed comes from the condensation process in the cumulonimbus clouds that surround the storm’s center. As moist air rises, it cools and condenses, releasing latent heat. This heat increases the air's buoyancy, allowing the storm to grow stronger. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• High sea surface temperatures (above 27°C) provide more moisture to the atmosphere. This moisture is critical for the condensation process, which releases latent heat. 
• The latent heat released during condensation is the energy that intensifies the cyclone. Therefore, the reason tropical cyclones require sea surface temperatures above 27°C is because higher temperatures increase the moisture supply and enhance the condensation process, which, in turn, strengthens the storm. 

• The EFTA is the intergovernmental organization of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland (all four are not a part of the EU).  
• It was founded by the Stockholm Convention in 1960.  
• It aims to promote free trade and economic integration to the benefit of its four Member States and their trading partners around the globe.

• Indian Labour Conference (ILC) is the apex level tripartite consultative committee in the Ministry of Labour & Employment.  
  • It consisting of:  
    • Central Trade Union Organisations: Representing the workers. 
    • Central Organisations of Employers: Representing the employers. 
    • Government Representatives: Including the Ministry of Labour & Employment, State Governments, Union Territories, and relevant Central Ministries/Departments. 
• It advises the Government on the issues concerning the working class of the country. The first meeting of the Indian Labour Conference (then called the Tripartite National Labour Conference) was held in 1942. 

A new species of spined loach, Cobitis beijingensis, has been discovered in Beijing, China, after 40 years. This is the first time a fish species has been named globally using the pinyin “Beijing.” The Beijing loach is about 5 cm long, with a body covered in yellow and black patterned markings. The species was confirmed by a research team from the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. It was collected from the Chaobai River in Shilipu Town, Miyun District, Beijing.

• Treaty of Salbai (1782): 
  • The Treaty of Salbai ended the First Anglo-Maratha War between the British and the Marathas, restoring status quo. Hence, pair 1 is  correctly matched. 
  • It recognized Madhavrao II as Peshwa and returned British-held territories. 
  • In return, the Marathas assured non-interference with British allies and restrained from harboring enemies like Haidar Ali. 
• Treaty of Bassein (1802): 
  • This treaty was signed between Peshwa Baji Rao II and the British after his defeat by Holkar. 
  • The Peshwa accepted the subsidiary alliance and British military presence in his territory. 
  • It led to direct British intervention in Maratha affairs, sparking the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Hence, pair 2 is not correctly matched. 
• Treaty of Madras (1769): 
  • Haidar Ali changed strategy during the First Anglo-Mysore War and suddenly advanced to Madras, causing panic. Hence, pair 3 is not correctly matched. 
  • The British, caught off-guard and defenseless, were forced to sign a humiliating treaty on April 4, 1769. 
  • The treaty involved exchange of prisoners, restoration of conquered territories, and a British promise to assist Haidar if attacked by any other power. 

• Thunderstorms are caused by intense convection of warm, moist air on hot days. These storms are characterized by the presence of cumulonimbus clouds, which produce thunder and lightning. A thunderstorm is characterised by intense updraft of rising warm air, which causes the clouds to grow bigger and rise to greater height. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• A tornado forms when severe thunderstorms produce a spiraling wind that descends with great force, creating a low-pressure center and causing massive destruction. 
• A tornado is formed when there is a severe updraft of warm, moist air and a downdraft of cool air, which creates spiraling winds. The central area of the tornado has very low pressure, causing it to exert force and create significant destruction.Tornadoes generally occur in middle latitudes. The tornado over the sea is called water spouts.

Glacial Landforms :

• Cirque: Cirques are the most common of landforms in glaciated mountains. The cirques quite often are found at the heads of glacial valleys. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • The accumulated ice cuts these cirques while moving down the mountain tops.
  • They are deep, long and wide troughs or basins with very steep concave to vertically dropping high walls at its head as well as sides.
  • A lake of water can be seen quite often within the cirques after the glacier disappears. Such lakes are called cirque or tarn lakes.
• Fjords/fiords: Very deep glacial troughs filled with sea water and making up shorelines (in high latitudes) are called fjords/fiords. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Drumlins: Drumlins are smooth oval shaped ridge-like features composed mainly of glacial till with some masses of gravel and sand.
  • The long axes of drumlins are parallel to the direction of ice movement.
  • They may measure up to 1km in length and 30 m or so in height. One end of the drumlins facing the glacier called the stoss end is blunter and steeper than the other end called tail.
  • The drumlins form due to dumping of rock debris beneath heavily loaded ice through fissures in the glacier. The stoss end gets blunted due to pushing by moving ice.
  • Drumlins give an indication of direction of glacier movement. 

Avoidance of extremes of austerity and indulgence – Common

Buddhism advocates the "Middle Path" (Majjhima Patipada), avoiding both extreme austerity and indulgence.

Jainism emphasizes austerity, but both paths ultimately reject indulgence.

2. Disbelief in the authority of the Vedas – Common

Both Jains and Buddhists rejected the Vedic scriptures and rituals as the only source of truth.

3. Denial of efficacy of rituals – Common

Both religions dismissed Vedic sacrificial rituals as unnecessary for spiritual progress.

4. Prohibition of violence against living beings (Ahimsa) – Common

Ahimsa is the core of Jain ethics, and a key precept (one of the Five Precepts – Panchasila) in Buddhism as well.

• Recently, the Indian Naval Ship Tabar conducted a Maritime Partnership Exercise(MPX) with the Spanish Navy ship Atalaya in the Mediterranean Sea. 

• Caño Cristales River, Colombia: It is also known as the "River of Five Colors," as it changes its color from yellow, green, black, red, and blue between July and November.  
  • This is due to Rhyncholacis clavigera, an aquatic plant that changes its color with sunlight and water conditions. 
• Shanay-Timpishka River, Peru: Also known as La Bomba, it is the world's largest thermal and only boiling river (with temperature 45oC to 100oC).  
  • It is heated by deep geothermal circulation where rainwater seeps underground, warms, and resurfaces through faults. 

• Reverse flipping is the process of shifting the domicile of an Indian company back to India after it had moved its headquarters overseas, usually for tax or regulatory reasons. It is also known as ‘re-domiciling’. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Reverse flipping has become a trend among Indian startups, especially in the fintech sector, as they plan for Initial Public Offers (IPOs) or seek long-term benefits in the home market. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• This strategic move is fuelled by India's flourishing economy, a huge market, promising venture capital, favorable tax structures, robust intellectual property protection, young and educated population and supportive government policies.

Charged Expenditure Upon The Consolidated Fund of India:

Salaries and Allowances of Key Officials: 

1. Emoluments, allowances, and other expenses related to the President’s office. 
2. Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha. 
3. Salaries, allowances, and pensions of Supreme Court judges. 
4. Pensions of High Court judges (not salary). 
5. Salary, allowances, and pension of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India. 
6. Salaries, allowances, and pensions of the Chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). 

Administrative Expenses of Key Institutions: 

g. Administrative costs of the Supreme Court, the CAG’s office, and the UPSC, including the salaries, allowances, and pensions of employees working in these institutions. 

Government Debt and Liabilities: 

h. Debt charges payable by the Government of India, including interest, sinking fund charges, redemption charges, and costs related to raising and servicing loans. 

Legal Obligations: 

i. Any sum required to satisfy judgments, decrees, or awards from courts or arbitral tribunals. 

Other Expenditures: 

j. Any additional expenditure declared by Parliament to be charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India.

The Manipur Government is observing Khongjom Day today, April 23, at the Khongjom War Memorial Complex in Khebaching, Thoubal district. Khongjom Day is held every year to honour the bravery and sacrifice of Manipuri heroes in the Anglo-Manipuri War of 1891. The Governor of Manipur, Ajay Kumar Bhalla, is the Chief Guest, and Chief Secretary Prasant Kumar Singh is presiding over the event. The event starts with Sankirtan, followed by floral tributes to fallen heroes and Major Paona Brajabashi.

• The Oyashio Current is a cold subarctic ocean current flowing southward along Japan’s eastern coast, originating in the Arctic Ocean.  
  • It supports rich marine biodiversity, aiding fisheries, and influences Japan’s climate by bringing cooler temperatures. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• Warm ocean currents raise the temperature in cold areas while the cold currents decrease the temperature in warm ocean areas.  
• The Gulf stream (warm current) raises the temperature near the eastern coast of North America and the West Coast of Europe. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. 
• The Labrador current (cold current) lowers the temperature near the north-east coast of North America. 

Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary: 

• It is located in the Kumaon Himalayas of Uttarakhand. 
• The sanctuary has over 200 species of birds including Eurasian jay, koklass pheasant, monal pheasant, and Himalayan woodpecker. 
• According to locals, Binsar was named after the Bineshwar Mahadev temple, a 16^th-century temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. 

Shrachi Rarh Bengal Tigers won the 6th Men’s Hockey India League 2024-25 title, defeating Hyderabad Toofans 4-3 in the final. The final was held at Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium, Rourkela, Odisha, on 1 February 2025. This was the first title win for the Bengal Tigers, earning them Rs 3 crore in prize money, while runners-up Hyderabad Toofans won Rs 2 crore. The league took place from 28 December 2024 to 1 February 2025. Odisha Warriors won the first Women’s Hockey India League title on 26 January 2025 in Ranchi.

Raja Todar Mal was a warrior, an able administrator and an exemplary finance minister. He was one of the ‘Navratnas’ of Akbar’s court. He introduced a new system of revenue known as zabt and a system of taxation.In 1582, the title Diwan-I- Ashraf was bestowed upon him by the Emperor. Hence,option C is correct. 

 All the Navaratnas in the court of Akbar:  

• Mulla Do Pyaja: He acted as an advisor to Akbar.  
• Raja Todar Mal: The most prestigious Finance Minister in maybe all of the Mughal Empire.   
• Faizi: A renowned poet and scholar from The Mughal court.   
• Raja Birbal: He played the role of the court jester in the court of Akbar. 
• Abul Fazal: Famous for his writing of his work, the Akbarnama. 
• Tansen: One of the most stalwarts of the Hindustani Classical Music 
• Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan: One of the most revered poets as well as military generals in the Mughal empire. 
• Raja Man Singh: A  trusted Generals of the military of Akbar  
• Fakir Aziao-Din: He was a Sufi mystic and an advisor. 

National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP): 

• The National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP) has been developed by NITI Aayog, in consultation with infrastructure line ministries, based on the mandate for “Asset Monetisation” under Union Budget 2021-22. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• NMP estimates aggregate monetisation potential of Rs 6 lakh crores through core assets of the Central Government, over a four-year period, from FY 2022 to FY 2025. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. 
• It aims to unlock value in brownfield projects by engaging the private sector, transferring to them revenue rights and not ownership in the projects, and using the funds generated for infrastructure creation across the country. 

Recently, Indonesia and China reaffirmed their commitment to maritime cooperation amid rising tensions over Chinese activity near the Natuna Islands. Natuna Island, also known as Bunguran Island, is the largest in the Natuna Islands archipelago. It is located in the northernmost part of Indonesia’s Riau Islands Province in the South China Sea. The island lies roughly halfway between Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo Island. It features Mount Ranai, the highest point on the island, which stands at 1,035 meters above sea level. This region is strategically important and often sees overlapping maritime claims.

• The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 was enacted to provide for more effective prevention of certain unlawful activities of individuals and associations, for dealing with terrorist activities, and for matters connected therewith. 
  • Unlawful activities are defined as actions supporting or inciting the cession or secession of any part of India, or actions questioning or disrespecting its sovereignty and territorial integrity. 
  • The National Investigation Agency (NIA) is empowered by the UAPA to investigate and prosecute cases nationwide. 
• Till the year 2004, “unlawful" activities referred to actions related to secession and cession of territory.  
  • Following the 2004 amendment, “terrorist act" was added to the list of offenses. 
  • The 2019 amendment empowered the government to designate individuals as terrorists. Hence, statement 1 is correct.  
• Both Indian and foreign nationals can be charged. It will be applicable to the offenders in the same manner, even if crime is committed on a foreign land, outside India. 

hamsuddin Iltutmish : 1211-36 

• He was a slave of Qutubuddin Aibak and occupied throne of Delhi in 1211 
• after deposing Aram Bakhsh. 
• He was a very capable ruler and is regarded as real founder of the Delhi 
• Sultanate'.  
• He made Delhi the capital in place of Lahore. 
• He saved the Delhi Sultanate from the wrath of Chengiz Khan, Mongol leader. 
• by refusing shelter to Khwarizm Shah whom Chengiz was chasing. 
• He introduced the silver coin (tanka) and the copper coin (jital). 
• He organised the Iqta System and introduced reforms in civil administration and 
• army, which was now centrally paid and recruited. 
• He set up an official nobility of slaves known as Chahalgani/ Chalisa (group of 40). 
• He completed the construction of Qutub Minar which was started by Aihak 
• He patronised ‘Minhaj-us-Siraj' author of 'Tabaqat-i-Nasiri'. 

The Indian Navy’s guided missile destroyer, INS Surat, recently test-fired a medium-range surface-to-air missile in the Arabian Sea. INS Surat is the fourth and final ship of the Project 15B. It belongs to the Visakhapatnam-class of stealth guided missile destroyers. It ranks among the largest and most advanced destroyers globally. With 75 percent indigenous content, it is equipped with cutting-edge weapon-sensor systems and advanced network-centric capabilities. It was designed by the Navy’s Warship Design Bureau and built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders, Mumbai. It was commissioned in January 2025.

A green sea turtle carcass was found on Marina beach, Chennai. Green sea turtles are the largest hard-shelled sea turtles and are herbivores, feeding mainly on seagrasses and algae. Their diet gives their fat a greenish color, which is the origin of their name. They are found in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide, with large populations in Costa Rica and Australia. Green sea turtles migrate long distances and are classified as Endangered by the IUCN.

Ayushman Bharat Diwas is celebrated every year on April 30 to honour the achievements of the Ayushman Bharat scheme, also known as Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY). PM-JAY is a government health insurance scheme that offers up to ₹5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary hospitalization care. The scheme targets over 10 crore poor and vulnerable families in India who cannot afford expensive medical treatment. It provides cashless and paperless treatment at any accredited hospital across India. On Ayushman Bharat Diwas, events are held nationwide to spread awareness and celebrate the scheme’s impact. The day also recognises the efforts of frontline workers and healthcare professionals involved in delivering quality services to beneficiaries.

Types of Clouds : 

• Cirrostratus clouds are high-altitude clouds (formed above 8,000 meters). They are thin, transparent clouds, and can create optical phenomena like halos around the sun or moon due to the ice crystals within them. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• Cumulonimbus clouds are known for their extensive vertical development, extending from low altitudes to very high altitudes. These clouds are associated with severe weather, including thunderstorms, and can cause lightning, heavy rainfall, and sometimes tornadoes. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• Stratus clouds typically form between the Earth's surface and 2 km (6,500 ft) in altitude. Their thickness varies from several tens to several hundreds of meters (or feet). 
  • Stratus are layered clouds covering large portions of the sky. These clouds are generally formed either due to loss of heat or the mixing of air masses with different temperatures. 

Article 19:

•  The Indian Constitution protects the right to demonstration and picketing under Article 19(1)(a) (freedom of speech and expression) and Article 19(1)(b) (freedom to assemble peacefully).  
  • However, the right to strike is not explicitly guaranteed and can be regulated under laws, especially for workers and industrial disputes. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• The right to freedom of movement has two aspects: internal, which refers to the right to move within the country, and external, which encompasses the right to leave the country and return.  
  • Article 19 guarantees the internal dimension, while the external dimension is protected under Article 21, which safeguards the right to life and personal liberty. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. 
• Regarding the freedom to practice any profession, occupation, trade, or business, all citizens are granted the right to engage in any form of livelihood. Hence, statement  3 is correct. 
  • However, the State may impose reasonable restrictions on this right in the interest of public welfare. 

The Dual Government system:

• After the Battle of Buxar (1764), the East India Company became the real authority in Bengal, although a Nawab still existed in name. 
• In 1765, Robert Clive introduced the Dual Government system to rule Bengal without direct administrative responsibility. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• Under this system, the Company took over Diwani functions (revenue collection) and controlled Nizamat functions (law, order, and justice) indirectly. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• The Diwani rights were granted by Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, and Nizamat rights came from the Nawab of Bengal. Hence, statement 3 is correct. 
• The Nawab was made responsible for administration and public welfare but had no real power or revenue control, making him a figurehead. 
• The Company nominated its own Deputy Diwans – Mohammad Reza Khanfor Bengal and Raja Sitab Royfor Bihar – to exercise real power. 
• Mohammad Reza Khan also functioned as Deputy Nazim (deputy subahdar), consolidating British influence over both revenue and justice. 
• The system led to widespread administrative failure, corruption, and exploitation as neither the Company nor the Nawab took full responsibility. 
• The Dual Government was abolished in 1772 by Warren Hastings, as Bengal had fallen into economic and administrative ruin.

• Agni-4 is fourth in the Agni series of medium to intercontinental-range ballistic missiles developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation. Hence, statement 1 is correct.  
  • The name comes from the Sanskrit word 'Agni', which means 'fire' and represents one of the five elements of nature. 
• It is a surface-to-surface missile (and not surface-to-air missile), designed to be launched from the ground or sea to hit targets on the ground or sea. It has a range of 4,000 kilometres. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.  
• It has a length of 20 metres and can carry a payload of 1,000 kg (not 200 kg). Hence, statement 3 is not correct.

The Indian women’s U19 cricket team won the 2nd ICC Women’s U19 T20 World Cup, defeating South Africa by nine wickets. The final was played on 2 February 2025 at Bayuemas Cricket Oval, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The team, led by Niki Prasad, had earlier won the inaugural ACC Women’s U19 Asia Cup 2024 in Malaysia. The tournament, organised by the ICC, took place in Malaysia from 18 January to 2 February 2025.

Intuitive Mission’s Odysseus spacecraft, a private Nova-C lunar lander, is on its way to the Moon after launching on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from  the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Kennedy Space Center in Florida.  

• Odysseus Spacecraft:  
  • The spacecraft is set to land on the Moon on 22^nd February 2024. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
  • Odysseus is the second private attempt after the Peregrine lander's failure.  
  • The spacecraft carries six payloads for NASA under the CLPS initiative, testing new technologies and scientific instruments. 
  • The mission aims to become the first American spacecraft to land on the Moon in over 50 years. The last time an American spacecraft landed on the Moon was in 1972, with Apollo 17. 
  • The mission is part of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative and Artemis campaign. 

• Frost forms when the temperature is below freezing, not above. Dew forms when the temperature is above freezing. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• Dew forms as water droplets through condensation, while frost forms as ice crystals through deposition, especially when the temperature is below freezing. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• Both frost and dew require similar conditions: high humidity, clear skies, calm air, and cold temperatures. However, frost forms under freezing conditions, unlike dew.

The world’s largest iceberg, A23a, is drifting toward South Georgia Island after breaking from Antarctica’s Filchner Ice Shelf. South Georgia Island is a mountainous, barren island in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is part of the British overseas territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, covering 3,756 sq.km. The island has over 160 glaciers and peaks like Mount Paget (2,935 m).

'Finances of Panchayati Raj Institutions':

The recently released report titled 'Finances of Panchayati Raj Institutions' by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for the fiscal year 2022-23 sheds light on the financial dynamics of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India.

• FASTag is a device that employs Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology for making toll payments directly while the vehicle is in motion. 
• FASTags require physical toll booths to track and charge vehicles that are FASTag-enabled. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• Satellite tolling systems will have virtual toll booths which will eliminate the need for physical structures for toll collection. 
• Virtual toll booths will monitor the distance traveled by vehicles and track their location. It will also record the type, registration number and bank account details of the vehicles. 

India, the world’s most populous country, has faced over $56 billion in damages from climate-induced disasters between 2019 and 2023. In response, SEEDS (Sustainable Environment and Ecological Development Society) India developed Akshvi, a digital wallet for recording climate losses. Akshvi (Aapda Kshati Vivaran) is an innovative e-disaster wallet that allows affected communities to log their economic and non-economic losses. This platform empowers individuals to self-report, ensuring their needs are prioritized during recovery. Each household has an E-Disaster Wallet, and losses can be documented via an Interactive Voice Response System, WhatsApp chatbot, or assisted data entry, ensuring accessibility for all.

Gujarat Police launched the GP-DRASTI program, which stands for Drone Response and Aerial Surveillance Tactical Interventions. The program uses quadcopters for real-time surveillance, quick response to crimes, and evidence collection. It covers 33 police stations across Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Surat, and Vadodara. The drones are equipped with high-definition (HD) cameras, night vision, and a 1-kilometre zoom. They can track suspects, provide live video, and help in facial recognition during criminal events. Each drone operates within a 4-kilometre range, flies up to 120 meters high, and can stay airborne for 45 minutes. Sixteen police personnel have been trained to operate the drones. The initiative boosts security in areas prone to violence and improves police effectiveness.

Writs:

• Habeas Corpus: This writ literally means "to have the body of." It is issued to ensure that a person who has been detained is brought before the court, and the legality of their detention is examined.  
  • If the detention is found to be illegal, the court sets the individual free. This writ serves as a safeguard against arbitrary detention, making the description accurate. 
• Mandamus: The writ of Mandamus means "we command." It is issued by a higher court to a lower court, public official, or public body, commanding them to perform a specific duty they have failed to perform.  
  • It cannot be issued against private individuals or bodies, and it is used when the duty is mandatory, not discretionary. The description matches the true function of the writ. Hence, pair 1 is correctly matched. 
• Prohibition: This writ is issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal to prevent them from exceeding their jurisdiction or acting outside their authority.  
  • Unlike Mandamus, which compels action, Prohibition prevents action. It is specifically used to stop judicial and quasi-judicial authorities from overstepping their powers. The description is correct. Hence, pair 2 is not correctly matched. 
• Certiorari: This writ is used by a higher court to transfer a case from a lower court or to quash the order of a lower court when there has been an excess of jurisdiction or an error in law.  
  • In 1991, the Supreme Court extended its use to administrative authorities affecting individual rights. The description accurately reflects its purpose. Hence, pair 3 is not correctly matched. 
• Quo-Warranto: This writ literally means "by what authority." It is issued to inquire into the legality of a person holding a public office.  
  • It prevents the unlawful usurpation of public office and can be filed by anyone with an interest, not necessarily the aggrieved party. The description correctly explains the writ. 

• Hastinapur is a historical and cultural site in the Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh.
• It was the capital of the Pandavas and Kauravas during the time of the Mahabharata.
• The site is associated with many places from the Mahabharata, including Vidurr Tila, Pandaveshwar Temple, Baradri, Draunadeshwar Temple, Karna Temple, Draupadi Ghat, and Kama Ghat.

Early proponents of Carnatic Music :  

• Annamacharya— (1408-1503):   
  • First known composer of Carnatic Music: Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
  •  He composed sankirtanas in praise of Lord Venkateswara, a form of Lord Vishnu 
  • His compositions were mainly in Telugu. 
  • He is widely recognised as ‘Grandfather of Telugu Song-writing’.  
• Purandara Dasa - (1484-1564):  
  • One of the founding proponents of Carnatic music 
  • He was a devotee of Lord Krishna. 
  • Widely referred to as “Pitamaha or father/grandfather of Carnatic Music”. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. 
  • He is believed to be an avatar or incarnation of sage Narada. 
  • His famous composition includes Dasa Sahithya. 
• The Trinity of Carnatic music:  
  • It refers to the trio of legendary composers: Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar, and Syama Sastri. Hence, statement 3 is correct. 
  • What set these composers apart from others in the Carnatic tradition was not just the sheer volume of their compositions but also the profound messages embedded in their songs. 
    • Saint Tyagaraja, in particular, emphasized that Nadopasana (the practice of music) was a spiritual path leading to moksha (liberation).  
  • All three composers of the Trinity lived and created their masterpieces in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, leaving an indelible mark on the world of Carnatic music.

• Lakshadweep: 
  • India’s smallest Union Territory, Lakshadweep is an archipelago consisting of 36 islands with an area of 32 sq km. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
  • It is a uni-district Union Territory and comprises 12 atolls, three reefs, five submerged banks, and ten inhabited islands. 
  • All Islands are 220 to 440 km away from the coastal city of Kochi in Kerala, in the emerald Arabian Sea. 
  • It is directly under the control of the Centre through an administrator. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• There are three main groups of islands: 
  • Amindivi Islands (Northernmost Islands) 
  • Laccadive Islands 
  • Minicoy Island (southernmost island) 
    • All are tiny islands of Coral origin (Atoll) and are surrounded by fringing reefs. 
    • The Capital is Kavaratti and it is also the principal town of the Union Territory. 
• Organic Agricultural Area: The entire Lakshadweep group of islands has been declared as an organic agricultural area under the Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) of India.

• After their arrival in India, the Dutch established their first factory in Masulipatnam (in present-day Andhra Pradesh) in 1605. Over time, they expanded their trading network, founding factories along the Coromandel Coast, as well as in Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Bengal, and Bihar. In 1609, they set up a factory in Pulicat, north of Madras.  
• The Dutch established their factories in several key locations across India, including Masulipatnam (1605), Pulicat (1609), Surat (1616), Bimlipatnam (1641), Karaikal (1645), Chinsura (1653), Baranagar, Kasimbazar (near Murshidabad), Balasore, Patna(1632), Nagapatnam (1658), and Cochin (1663). 

The Constitutional Provisions for Budget Enactment:

• The President must present a statement of estimated receipts and expenditures of the Government of India for each financial year before both Houses of Parliament. 
• A demand for a grant can only be made with the President’s recommendation. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• Taxes cannot be levied or collected without legal authority. 
• Parliament has the power to reduce or abolish a tax but cannot increase it. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• The budget must differentiate expenditure on the revenue account from other types of expenditure. 
• Expenditure charged to the Consolidated Fund of India is not subject to a parliamentary vote but can still be discussed in Parliament. Hence, statement 3 is not correct. 
  • No money can be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of India unless authorized by law through an appropriation. 
  • A money bill imposing a tax can only be introduced in Parliament with the President’s recommendation and cannot be introduced in the Rajya Sabha. 

• Project Strawberry is an advanced AI initiative by OpenAI, aimed at developing Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), which has cognitive abilities comparable to the human brain.  
• The project is expected to be integrated into future versions of ChatGPT, with a focus on solving complex puzzles, handling advanced cognitive tasks, and producing high-quality synthetic data for future AI models, such as Project Orion. 

Article 15:

•  Article 15 of the Indian Constitution provides that the State shall not discriminate against any citizen solely on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. The inclusion of the word 'only' implies that discrimination based on other grounds is not prohibited. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• Article 15(2) further specifies that no citizen shall face any disability, liability, restriction, or condition solely due to religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, or any combination of these, in relation to: 
  • (a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels, and places of public entertainment; 
  • (b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads, and other public places maintained fully or partly by State funds or dedicated to public use.  
• This provision forbids discrimination by both the State and private individuals.. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• Exception to Article 15, which provides for reservation for OBCs in educational institutions, was added by the 93rd Amendment Act of 2005.

According to Article 51A, every citizen of India has the following duties:

(a) To adhere to the Constitution and respect its principles, as well as the National Flag and the National Anthem.

(b) To honor and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national freedom struggle

.(c) To safeguard and protect India's sovereignty, unity, and integrity.

(d) To defend the nation and perform national service when required.

(e) To promote unity and the spirit of brotherhood among all people of India, transcending religious, linguistic, regional, or sectional differences, and to reject practices that degrade the dignity of women.

(f) To value and preserve the nation's rich and diverse cultural heritage.

(g) To protect and enhance the environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and show compassion for living creatures.

(h) To cultivate a scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.

(i) To protect public property and renounce violence.

(j) To strive for excellence in all areas of individual and collective activity so that the nation continues to rise to higher levels of achievement.

(k) To ensure education for one's child or ward between the ages of six and fourteen years. This duty was added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002.

• Barchans: Crescent-shaped dunes called barchans with the points or wings directed away from wind direction i.e., downwind, form where the wind direction is constant and moderate and where the original surface over which sand is moving is almost uniform.
  • Seif: Seif is similar to barchan with a small difference. Seif has only one wing or point. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
• Parabolic dunes: Parabolic dunes form when sandy surfaces are partially covered with vegetation. That means parabolic dunes are reversed barchans with wind direction being the same. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Transverse dunes: Transverse dunes are aligned perpendicular to wind direction. These dunes form when the wind direction is constant and the source of sand is an elongated feature at right angles to the wind direction.

Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary: 

• The Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary will be the second home for cheetahs in India, after the Kuno National Park. It has completed its preparations for the reintroduction of the cheetahs from Africa. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• The Chambal river cuts the sanctuary into two almost equal halves. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. 
• It has a savanna ecosystem comprising open grasslands interspersed with dry deciduous trees and shrubs. The riverine valleys, however, are evergreen.

Global Gender Gap Index 2024: 

• The Global Gender Gap Index 2024 was released by the World Economic Forum. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• Four key factors are considered while calculating the index:  
  • Economic participation and opportunity 
  • Health and survival 
  • Political empowerment 
  • Educational attainment. 
  • Globally, India ranked 129^th. Within South Asia, India ranks fifth, trailing behind Bangladesh (99), Nepal (111), Sri Lanka (125), and Bhutan (124). Hence, statement 3 is not correct. 

• The Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (Kufos) will participate in the advanced NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) Phase II research project, focusing on forest biomass and carbon monitoring through radar data.
• This collaboration follows the successful completion of the initial phase of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)-NISAR program that focused on validating ground truth data in forest biomass across various regions.
• NASA and ISRO are jointly developing a space-borne synthetic aperture radar, scheduled for launch in 2024. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
• NISAR aims to revolutionise earth resource observation by providing high-resolution data for extensive areas.

A six-year-old girl in Kerala’s Malappuram district sadly died of rabies even after getting preventive vaccination, highlighting a serious public health concern. Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease caused by the Rabies virus (RABV), which attacks the nervous system. Rabies virus is an RNA virus from the rhabdovirus family and spreads in two main ways in the body. It can directly enter the peripheral nervous system and reach the brain. Or it can first hide and multiply in muscle tissue, then move into the nervous system through neuromuscular junctions. Once in the brain, it causes severe and deadly inflammation.

A new species of ribbon worm called Pararosa vigarae was discovered off the coast of Galicia, Spain, in the Ría de Arosa estuary. It is nicknamed the “accordion worm” because it can contract its body into ring-like folds like an accordion’s bellows. The discovery was confirmed using both external features and molecular genetic analysis. The study was published in Royal Society Open Science on May 7, 2025. This worm is unique in its physical traits and behavior, adding to the biodiversity of the Nemertea phylum. Ribbon worms are predatory and venomous but have simple anatomy, making traditional classification difficult. Understanding marine biodiversity is crucial amid the current biodiversity crisis. Only about 1,350 ribbon worm species are known, but experts estimate 1,400 more may remain undiscovered. This highlights the need to protect marine habitats from environmental threats to conserve unknown species.

• Sihawal (Madhya Pradesh): Belongs to the early Mesolithic period (~9000 BCE).
• Patpara (Madhya Pradesh): Represents the middle Mesolithic (~8000–7000 BCE).
• Bagor (Rajasthan): Shows evidence from late Mesolithic to early Neolithic (~7000–5000 BCE).
• Khetaunhi (Uttar Pradesh): A Neolithic site (~4000 BCE).

👉 Therefore, the correct chronological order is:

Sihawal → Patpara → Bagor → Khetaunhi

The Dev Samaj:

The Dev Samaj, founded by Shiv Narayan Agnihotri in 1873, promoted religious ideas similar to the Brahmo Samaj and advocated a strict social code of conduct that opposed bribe-taking, gambling, alcohol consumption, and non-vegetarian food, emphasizing moral discipline and spiritual purity. 

Abolition of Titles:

•  In 1996, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of the National Awards – Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri. The Court ruled that these awards do not constitute ‘titles’ as defined in Article 18, which prohibits only hereditary titles of nobility. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• Therefore, they do not violate Article 18, as the principle of equality does not require that merit be left unrecognized.  
  • However, the Court also stated that these awards should not be used as prefixes or suffixes to the names of recipients; doing so would result in the forfeiture of the awards. 

Reliance NU Suntech recently signed a 25-year Power Purchase Agreement with the Solar Energy Corporation of India Limited (SECI) to build Asia’s largest single-location integrated solar and Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) project. SECI is a Central Public Sector Undertaking (CPSU) under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), dedicated to expanding Renewable Energy (RE) in India. SECI was formed in 2011 as a not-for-profit company and later became a commercial entity in 2015. It was established to support the National Solar Mission and has Miniratna Category-I status. SECI acts as the main agency for implementing solar, wind, and hybrid energy projects across India. It also helps fulfill India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) by inviting developers through tenders for RE projects.

In the 2025 World Press Freedom Index by Reporters Without Borders (RSF), India ranks 151 out of 180 countries. This is a slight improvement from 159th in 2024 and 161st in 2023, but India still remains in the “very serious” press freedom category. India ranks lower than neighbours like Nepal (90th), Maldives (104th), Sri Lanka (139th), and Bangladesh (149th). Norway, Estonia, and the Netherlands are the top three performers in press freedom globally. For the first time, global press freedom is seen as in a “difficult situation” due to rising economic pressures.

The Union Home Ministry urged states to prevent the misuse of the State Emblem of India, emphasizing that the Lion Capital is incomplete without “Satyameva Jayate” in Devanagari. The emblem is an adaptation of Ashoka’s Lion Capital at Sarnath, featuring four lions on a circular abacus with Dharma Chakras, an elephant, horse, bull, and lion. Adopted on 26 January 1950, it shows three visible lions, omitting the bell-shaped lotus. “Satyameva Jayate”, meaning “Truth alone triumphs”, is from the Mundaka Upanishad. Its use is restricted under the 2005 Act and 2007 Rules.

• It is one of the oldest and grandest forms of Hindustani classical music and finds its mention even in Natyashastra (200 BC–200 AD).  
  • Hence, statement 1 is not correct. 
• The name is derived from ‘dhruva’ and ‘pada,’ which means that it denotes both verse form of the poetry and the style in which it is sung.  
• Dhrupad is essentially a poetic form that is incorporated into an extended presentation style that is marked by precise and overt elaboration of a raga.  
• Dhrupad starts with Alap which is sung without words.The alap evokes a mood in the audience that coincides with the mood of the raga that is chosen. Alap is pure music without distraction of words.  
  • Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• Dhrupad compositions usually have four to five stanzas and are performed by a duo. 
• Generally, two male vocalists perform Dhrupad style of performances.Tanpura and Pakhawaj usually accompany them 
• Dhrupad singing can be further divided into four sub-forms on the basis of vanis or banis that they perform: 
  • Dagari Gharana 
  • Darbhanga Gharana 
  • Bettiah Gharana 
  • Talwandi Gharana 
    • Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Japan successfully launched the Michibiki 6 satellite on the new H3 rocket, aiming to improve its navigation system. The launch occurred at the Tanegashima Space Center, and the satellite separated successfully 29 minutes after liftoff. Michibiki 6 will be the fifth satellite in Japan’s quasi-zenith satellite system (QZSS). The system supplements US GPS and improves positioning for various devices. Japan plans to expand to seven satellites by 2026 and an 11-satellite network by the late 2030s. The launch was the fourth successful flight for the H3 rocket system.

• The average surface water temperature of the oceans is approximately 27°C, decreasing gradually from the equator to the poles. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• The temperature typically drops by about 0.5°C for each degree of latitude. At 20° latitude, the average temperature is around 22°C, at 40° latitude it is 14°C, and near the poles, it reaches 0°C.  
• Oceans in the northern hemisphere generally have higher temperatures than those in the southern hemisphere. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• The average annual temperatures are around 19°C in the northern hemisphere and 16°C in the southern hemisphere.  

• The 1866 Orissa famine, known locally as “Na Anka Durbhikshya,” ravaged coastal Odisha.  
• Historians attribute the famine to a combination of failed paddy harvests, inadequate rice import infrastructure, and supply chain failures. 
• The famine claimed the deaths of about a third of Orissa’s population, prompting the British Government and Christian Missionaries to open 'Anna Chatras' to feed people. 
  • Many died of cholera and diarrhea later on.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully completed the second docking of its two satellites, SDX01 (Chaser) and SDX02 (Target), under the Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) mission. SpaDeX is a technology demonstration mission by ISRO to validate the ability to dock and undock small satellites in low-Earth orbit. The mission used two satellites, each weighing around 220 kg, launched by the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle-C60 into a 460 km circular orbit. The primary objective of SpaDeX was to develop and demonstrate the capability for spacecraft rendezvous, docking, and undocking. Secondary objectives include testing electric power transfer between docked spacecraft, developing spacecraft control systems, and testing payload operations after undocking for deep-space missions.

CMS (Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals):  

• About: 
  • It is an intergovernmental treaty under the UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)- popularly known as Bonn Convention. Hence, statement 1 is  correct. 
  • It was signed in 1979 and in force since 1983. 
  • As of 1^st March 2022, the CMS has 133 Parties. 
    • India has also been a party to CMS since 1983. 
• Aim: 
  • It aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout their range. 
  • It lays the legal foundation to conduct conservation measures on a global scale. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• Two appendices under CMS: 
  • Appendix I lists ‘Threatened Migratory Species’. 
  • Appendix II lists ‘Migratory Species requiring international cooperation’. 
• India and the CMS: 
  • India has signed a non-legally binding Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with CMS on conservation and management of Siberian Cranes (1998), Marine Turtles (2007), Dugongs (2008), and Raptors (2016).

• The word ‘Khyal’ is derived from Persian and means “idea or imagination”. The origin of this style was attributed to Amir Khusrau.  
• Khyal is based on the repertoire of short songs ranging from two to eight lines.  
• Generally, a Khyal composition is also referred to as a ‘Bandish’.  
• Hussain Shah (a Sharqi ruler of Jaunpur Sultanate) gave the biggest patronage to Khyal in the 15th century.  
• One of the most unique feature of Khyal is the frequent use of taans in the composition 
• Usually, the theme for these Khyal bandish is romantic in nature. They sing about love, even if they are related to the divine creature 
• Pandit Bhimsen Joshi  was a prominent Khyal proponent of Kirana Gharana and received Bharat Ratna in 2008 
• The major gharanas under Khyal music are 
  • Gwalior Gharana 
  •  Kirana Gharana 
  • Agra Gharana 
  • Patiala Gharana 
  • Bhendibazaar Gharana 
    • Hence, option C is correct. 

Forest rights activists and lawyers raised concerns over Madhya Pradesh’s order for surveillance of nomadic tribes, including the Pardhi community. Pardhis are a nomadic tribe historically involved in hunting since the Mughal era. They were hired for hunting by the British and Indian landlords. They primarily live in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, with small groups in Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. The name “Pardhi” comes from “paradh,” meaning hunter in Marathi.

• Disaster Management (DM) Act,  2005 
  • The DM Act, 2005 was enacted in the aftermath of the devastating 2004 tsunami the idea for such legislation was in the works at least since the 1998 Odisha super cyclone. 
    • The Act led to the creation of the NDMA, SDMAs at the state level, a National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), and a National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) (an institute meant for disaster-related research, training, awareness, and capacity building).   
  • The Act was followed by a National Disaster Management Policy in 2009 and a National Disaster Management Plan in 2016 and outlines India’s strategies for disaster preparedness and mitigation. Hence, statement 2 is not correct  
    • This institutional framework has served India in dealing with natural disasters. Over the years, it has saved thousands of lives, and provided relief, rescue and rehabilitation services.  
  • Growing incidents of natural disasters, exacerbated by climate change, have made agencies such as NDMA more important than ever, requiring the assignment of greater responsibilities and resources. 

Astronomers discovered Gaia BH3, a massive black hole close to Earth, using the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Gaia telescope. Gaia Mission, launched in 2013, aims to create the most precise 3D map of the Milky Way, surveying 1% of its 100 billion stars. It orbits the Sun at Lagrange Point 2 (1.5 million km from Earth), avoiding atmospheric distortion. Gaia scans the sky every two months using two telescopes. It helps detect exoplanets, main belt asteroids, and Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) by tracking stellar movements and brightness changes.

• Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) were established in 1975 under the provisions of the Ordinance promulgated on 26^th September 1975 and Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976.
• These are financial institutions which ensure adequate credit for agriculture and other rural sectors.
• They combine the characteristics of a cooperative in terms of the familiarity of the rural problems and a commercial bank in terms of its professionalism and ability to mobilise financial resources.

• Dharma Sabha (Calcutta, 1830) 
  • Founder: Radhakanta Deb.  Hence, pair 1 is not correctly matched. 
  • Established to counter the Brahmo Samaj, it aimed to defend orthodox Hindu beliefs and oppose radical social reforms. 
  • While upholding orthodoxy, it also supported the spread of Western education. 
• Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha (Parsi Reform Movement, 1851) 
  • Leaders: S.S. Bengali, Naoroji Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji, and others. Hence, pair 2 is correctly matched. 
  • Formed to reform the social condition of Parsis and revive the purity of Zoroastrianism. 
  • Their journal, Rast Goftar (Truth Teller), promoted social and religious reform. 
• Prarthana Samaj (Bombay, 1867) 
  • Founder: Atmaram Pandurang. Hence, pair 3 is not correctly matched. 
  • Key Figures: Justice Govind Ranade (chief mentor), R.G. Bhandarkar 
  • Focused on monotheistic worship and social reform, including women’s upliftment, abolition of caste discrimination, and opposition to religious orthodoxy. 

Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP): 

• Minimum Support Price (MSP) is the guaranteed amount paid to farmers when the government buys their produce. 
• MSP is based on the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP), which considers various factors such as cost of production, demand and supply, market price trends, inter-crop price parity, etc. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• CACP is an attached office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. It came into existence in January 1965. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• The CACP recommends MSPs for 22 mandated crops and fair and remunerative prices (FRP) for sugarcane

• The Wajrakarur Kimberlite Pipe and Krishna River Basin are well-known for their association with diamond mining in India. 
  • The cutting and polishing industry is centered in Surat, Navsari, Ahmedabad, and Palampur. 
• Diamond, an allotrope of carbon, is the hardest naturally occurring substance on Earth.  
• Formed in the Earth’s mantle and brought to the surface through volcanic activity, it is found in volcanic landforms like dykes and sills. 

Mackinac Island is a small island city in northern Michigan, United States. It is located where Lake Huron meets Lake Michigan, two of the Great Lakes of North America. The island covers about 4.35 square miles and is known for its natural beauty and peaceful environment. It is surrounded by limestone cliffs and rises up to 339 feet in the eastern part. A unique feature is that motor vehicles are banned, making horses the main mode of transport. Recently, the island gained attention again as a rare car-free haven in America’s car manufacturing state.

World Art Day is celebrated every year on April 15 to honour the power of art, its role in cultural diversity, and the contributions of artists worldwide. The date marks the birth anniversary of Leonardo da Vinci, a symbol of creativity, freedom, and peace. World Art Day was first started in 2012 by the International Association of Art (IAA) during a conference in Guadalajara, Mexico. The aim is to promote the value of art and give artists a global platform. The IAA, founded in 1954, works with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to protect artists’ rights. The 2024 theme is “A Garden of Expression – Cultivating Community Through Art.”

• Paika Rebellion (1817): 
  • The Paika Rebellion took place in Khurda, Odisha, led by Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar, the former military chief of the Raja of Khurda. Hence, pair 1 is correctly matched. 
  • It involved the Paikas, a traditional militia class who lost their privileges and land due to British policies and harsh revenue demands. 
• Pagal Panthi Revolt (1825–1835): 
  • The Pagal Panthi revolt occurred in Mymensingh district of Bengal (now in Bangladesh), led by Tipu, son of Karam Shah, founder of the movement. Hence, pair 2 is correctly matched. 
  • It was a tribal peasant movement involving the Hajong and Garo tribes, protesting against excessive rents and oppression by zamindars. 
• Moamaria Rebellion (1769 onwards): 
  • The Moamaria rebellion took place in Upper Assam, mainly affecting areas like Rangpur and Jorhat, and was led by the Moamarias, low-caste peasants following Aniruddhadeva. 
  • Their revolt posed a major challenge to the Ahom dynasty, exploiting social divisions and resentment against upper-caste dominance.  Hence, pair 3 is  correctly matched. 
• Tebhaga Movement (1946–47): 
  • This movement in Bengal was a struggle of sharecroppers demanding two-thirds (tebhaga) of the produce instead of the traditional half share, reducing the Jotedars' share to one-third.